Oxford University Press

- Contributors include the leading researchers in Optimality Theory — Applies Optimality Theory to other central aspects of language — Of great interest to linguists at graduate level and above The introduction of Optimality Theory (OT) by Prince and Smolenski in 1995 is frequently seen as the most important development in generative grammar of the 1990s. It has profoundly changed the understanding of sound systems; it has given a new impetus to the study of language acqusition; and its potential for the discovery and explanation of the universal properties of language is increasingly recognized. OT subsitutes constraints for rules in universal grammar and linguistic performance. Constraints are ranked so that a a lower-ranked constraint may be violated in order to satisfy a higher. The assumption that constraints are vioable can be considered as the formal correlate of linguistic tendencies, whereas their ranking expresses the degree to which individual languages exhibit these tendencies. OT may thus be used to describe the characteristics of any language, but it is as yet too general to provide a substantive theory of grammar. In this book a range of scholars consider the specific properties that an OT grammar should have. After an extensive introduction, the volume is divided into four parts. Parts One and Two are concerned respectively with prosodic representations and segmental phonology. Parts Three and Four then consider the application of OT to syntax and syntatic theory and to language acquistion and learnability. This wide-ranging collection of new work by leading scholars from the USA and Europe will interest linguists and postgraduate students in all the main fields of discipline. Its insights and the research it reports will also be valuable to those whose theoretical position is apparently at odds with the principles of OT.

- The only separate textbook in qualitative research methods in sociolinguistics. — Brief and accessible — Questions for discussion and further reading suggestions at end of each chapter.

- Provides comprehensive coverage of an area of increasing practical and academic importance — The first book to systematically cover both the institutions and procedures of international dispute settlement For many years it was said that the weakness of international law was the lack of a system for the enforcement of legal obligations. Commentators pointed to the paucity of cases in the International Court and the unwillingness of States to undertake binding obligations to settle their disputes. This position has now changed beyond recognition. The number of international tribunals has increased and many of them, such as ICSID and the International Court of Justice, are busier than at any time in their history. Increasingly, the classical procedures of diplomatic protection are circumvented as corporations and individuals litigate in their own right against States in international tribunals. This book surveys the range of procedures for the settlement of international disputes, whether the disputes arise between States or between States and corporations or individuals. The first part of the book examines non-judicial procedures such as negotiation, mediation, fact-finding, as well as judicial procedures. Among the tribunals covered are ICSID, the UNCC and the Iran-US Claim Tribunal, the WTO disputes panels, ad-hoc inter-State and international commercial arbitral tribunals and the International Court of Justice. In the second part of the book the emerging principles of procedural law applied in these tribunals are discussed. Here the authors go through the entire settlement process from the agreement to submit to a settlement procedure and the constitution of the tribunal, through to the determination of the law applicable to the merits and to the procedure of the tribunal, to the review, and ultimately the recognition and enforcement of tribunal awards.

- New Headway Pre-Intermediate extends and revises many of the structures covered at Elementary level. This new edition keeps to the successful framework of the original, but has been transformed by fresh material throughout, a more accessible feel, and a completely new design. — The majority of the reading and listening texts have been replaced with vibrant new material on up-to-date topics with a more global outlook than before. — There is now a higher proportion of speaking activities, maintaining the balance between communicative and more traditional approaches. — At this level, related areas of grammar are explored and then practised in discriminatory exercises. All of the main tenses are included, and their uses are compared and contrasted where appropriate. — Integrated skills work continues to be an important feature, with skills work becoming more challenging. As at Elementary level, an emphasis on thorough practice is retained, ranging from the very controlled to freer tasks. — The vocabulary syllabus continues to be developed through a variety of approaches to lexical input and integrated pronunciation work. — A new 'Starter' section at the beginning of each unit has a warm-up activity, often personalized, to lead into the topic and grammar of the unit. — A new, separate Teacher's Resource Book is available with photocopiable games and activities to supplement the main course material.

- New Headway Pre-Intermediate extends and revises many of the structures covered at Elementary level. This new edition keeps to the successful framework of the original, but has been transformed by fresh material throughout, a more accessible feel, and a completely new design. — The majority of the reading and listening texts have been replaced with vibrant new material on up-to-date topics with a more global outlook than before. — There is now a higher proportion of speaking activities, maintaining the balance between communicative and more traditional approaches. — At this level, related areas of grammar are explored and then practised in discriminatory exercises. All of the main tenses are included, and their uses are compared and contrasted where appropriate. — Integrated skills work continues to be an important feature, with skills work becoming more challenging. As at Elementary level, an emphasis on thorough practice is retained, ranging from the very controlled to freer tasks. — The vocabulary syllabus continues to be developed through a variety of approaches to lexical input and integrated pronunciation work. — A new 'Starter' section at the beginning of each unit has a warm-up activity, often personalized, to lead into the topic and grammar of the unit. — A new, separate Teacher's Resource Book is available with photocopiable games and activities to supplement the main course material.

A speaking and listening course for people who need to communicate effectively in everyday business situations. • This new edition combines the most popular features of the original course with new, updated material in every unit, a new Teacher's Guide, a new Workbook, and a re-recorded Cassette. • The emphasis throughout is on presenting English as a means of international communication. The language models provided are standard American English, although a variety of other native and non-native accents appear in the listening materials. • The material is carefully graded and gently paced to encourage fluency and give confidence to low-level learners. • Each level consists of 12 units which prepare learners for a wide range of business situations such as greeting colleagues and clients, talking on the telephone, handling meetings, and entertaining clients. • Communication skills are intensively coached through dialogue practice, pair work and information gap activities. The Chicago Contract, a new business board game, reviews the language in the Student's Book in a lively and interesting way. • A Culture File in every unit presents topics of cross-cultural interest for discussion, and provides advice on potentially problematic situations such as tipping, the right clothes to wear, and gift giving.

Designed for learners who want to make effective progress in a short time, this course concentrates on developing fluency, refreshing key grammar areas, and extending vocabulary. 40-60 hours per level. • Practical syllabus includes pronunciation and lots of oral practice, as well as memory skills and timed activities to encourage fast, relevant learning. • Introduces work on features of spoken English, conversational tactics, and high frequency idiomatic vocabulary. • Clear objectives in each lesson encourage achievement and progress. • Short lessons can be used in any order, allowing choice in topic and syllabus coverage. • All-in-one Classbook, with Practice section and writing activities. • Photocopiable Teacher's Resource Pack at each level for supplementing and adapting.

A four-part series designed to meet the needs of secondary students continuing English as well as those starting English for the first time. • Dream Team is a communicative course that teaches students how to use language in real situations, while also paying careful attention to grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. • Strong emphasis is placed on the clear and thorough presentation of grammar points, followed up by systematic practice throughout the course. • Plenty of practice is given from the start in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, training students to communicate fluently and effectively in English. • Stimulating and engaging topics, and an amusing and lively presentation story involving the activities of teenagers, appeal directly to the age group. • There is a solid built-in process of revision and consolidation, which trains students to review what they have learnt regularly and systematically, and helps them prepare for tests. • The course offers a range of flexible options to help teachers meet the needs of their particular teaching situation. These include an optional introductory section, an optional final 'Bonus unit' and optional projects and stories.

- New Headway Elementary keeps to the successful framework of the original edition, but has been transformed by fresh new material throughout, a more accessible feel, and a completely new design. — The majority of the reading and listening texts have been replaced with vibrant new material on up-to-date topics with a more global outlook than before. — There is now a higher proportion of speaking activities, maintaining the balance between communicative and more traditional approaches. — The units are shorter, simpler, and clearer for students. The activities and instructions have been adapted and trimmed, but the book retains the same emphasis on thorough practice, ranging from very controlled to freer tasks. — The vocabulary syllabus is more tightly controlled than before to make it more manageable for beginners. — A new 'Starter' section at the beginning of each unit features a warm-up activity, often personalized, to lead into the topic and grammar of the unit. — New 'Grammar Spots' provide a mixture of explanation and self-check tasks for the grammar presented in the unit. The Grammar Summaries and Language Reviews are now at the back of the Student's Book for reference. — The 'Everyday English' sections at the end of each unit continue to provide key functional, situational, and survival work, but are now even more lively and conversational. — A new, separate Teacher's Resource Book is available with photocopiable games and activities to supplement the main course material.

- New Headway Pre-Intermediate extends and revises many of the structures covered at Elementary level. This new edition keeps to the successful framework of the original, but has been transformed by fresh material throughout, a more accessible feel, and a completely new design. — The majority of the reading and listening texts have been replaced with vibrant new material on up-to-date topics with a more global outlook than before. — There is now a higher proportion of speaking activities, maintaining the balance between communicative and more traditional approaches. — At this level, related areas of grammar are explored and then practised in discriminatory exercises. All of the main tenses are included, and their uses are compared and contrasted where appropriate. — Integrated skills work continues to be an important feature, with skills work becoming more challenging. As at Elementary level, an emphasis on thorough practice is retained, ranging from the very controlled to freer tasks. — The vocabulary syllabus continues to be developed through a variety of approaches to lexical input and integrated pronunciation work. — A new 'Starter' section at the beginning of each unit has a warm-up activity, often personalized, to lead into the topic and grammar of the unit. — A new, separate Teacher's Resource Book is available with photocopiable games and activities to supplement the main course material.

Landmark builds on what learners bring to class and respects their knowledge and experience. Using real-life listening and reading, Landmark gets students thinking, noticing, and reacting. — Fresh topics get students thinking and speaking. — A strong focus on skills pushes students to extend their knowledge and ability. — Texts and tasks help students explore and activate their vocabulary. — Authentic listening tasks raise awareness of features of natural conversation. — A practical approach to writing. — An active discovery approach to grammar guides students to work out patterns and rules for themselves. — Intermediate and Upper-Intermediate levels have authentic reading with supportive tasks and graded exposure to authentic listening. — Advanced level has unscripted recordings and authentic texts to challenge and stimulate the adult learner. Also has short units to avoid topic fatigue.

An innovative three-level writing course for young learners. — A full-colour, highly-illustrated writing course which teaches young learners to develop the skills and strategies involved in the writing process. — Practice activities encourage accuracy and creativity. — As their confidence increases, learners progress from the production of sentences to paragraphs through more challenging text types. — Self-assessment tasks in the 'Review Your Writing' sections and a Student Record Sheet encourage students to review their work and to think about how they can improve their writing. — Can be integrated with any course for young learners because the syllabus is based on the sequencing and grading of structures found in most leading coursebooks.

An innovative three-level writing course for young learners. — A full-colour, highly-illustrated writing course which teaches young learners to develop the skills and strategies involved in the writing process. — Practice activities encourage accuracy and creativity. — As their confidence increases, learners progress from the production of sentences to paragraphs through more challenging text types. — Self-assessment tasks in the 'Review Your Writing' sections and a Student Record Sheet encourage students to review their work and to think about how they can improve their writing. — Can be integrated with any course for young learners because the syllabus is based on the sequencing and grading of structures found in most leading coursebooks.

A radical revision of the successful Streetwise course for teenagers, combining new material with the best of the original edition. — It appeals to teenagers through a modern, attractive magazine format and explores issues that teenagers want to talk about. Many of the topics have been revised and updated to keep the material fresh and relevant. — There is a thorough grammar syllabus. Grammar is taught in context — teaching points arise naturally from the reading or listening texts, showing how structures are really used. After every two units 'Grammar review' and 'Grammar practice' sections provide essential consolidation and further practice. — There is a balance of skills work throughout. Reading exercises have been added which provide a gentle introduction to FCE-style comprehension tasks. Writing work is given greater support, with a carefully structured guided writing syllabus. — The 'Getting Streetwise!' sections of the course focus on functional and situational language, as well as strategies for conversational English. — There is an emphasis on vocabulary development and word-building. — A range of exercises and activities cater for all abilities. — Six new songbook pages related to unit themes have a strong teen appeal. Each song provides a motivating context for reading, speaking and listening activities. — New Self-check and Self-test exercises at regular intervals encourage learner autonomy and self-assessment.

A flexible set of materials to introduce pre-school children to English

Designed for learners who want to make effective progress in a short time, this course concentrates on developing fluency, refreshing key grammar areas, and extending vocabulary. 40-60 hours per level. • Practical syllabus includes pronunciation and lots of oral practice, as well as memory skills and timed activities to encourage fast, relevant learning. • Introduces work on features of spoken English, conversational tactics, and high frequency idiomatic vocabulary. • Clear objectives in each lesson encourage achievement and progress. • Short lessons can be used in any order, allowing choice in topic and syllabus coverage. • All-in-one Classbook, with Practice section and writing activities. • Photocopiable Teacher's Resource Pack at each level for supplementing and adapting.

A four-part series designed to meet the needs of secondary students continuing English as well as those starting English for the first time. • Dream Team is a communicative course that teaches students how to use language in real situations, while also paying careful attention to grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. • Strong emphasis is placed on the clear and thorough presentation of grammar points, followed up by systematic practice throughout the course. • Plenty of practice is given from the start in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, training students to communicate fluently and effectively in English. • Stimulating and engaging topics, and an amusing and lively presentation story involving the activities of teenagers, appeal directly to the age group. • There is a solid built-in process of revision and consolidation, which trains students to review what they have learnt regularly and systematically, and helps them prepare for tests. • The course offers a range of flexible options to help teachers meet the needs of their particular teaching situation. These include an optional introductory section, an optional final 'Bonus unit' and optional projects and stories.

A four-part series designed to meet the needs of secondary students continuing English as well as those starting English for the first time. • Dream Team is a communicative course that teaches students how to use language in real situations, while also paying careful attention to grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. • Strong emphasis is placed on the clear and thorough presentation of grammar points, followed up by systematic practice throughout the course. • Plenty of practice is given from the start in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, training students to communicate fluently and effectively in English. • Stimulating and engaging topics, and an amusing and lively presentation story involving the activities of teenagers, appeal directly to the age group. • There is a solid built-in process of revision and consolidation, which trains students to review what they have learnt regularly and systematically, and helps them prepare for tests. • The course offers a range of flexible options to help teachers meet the needs of their particular teaching situation. These include an optional introductory section, an optional final 'Bonus unit' and optional projects and stories.

Landmark builds on what learners bring to class and respects their knowledge and experience. Using real-life listening and reading, Landmark gets students thinking, noticing, and reacting. — Fresh topics get students thinking and speaking. — A strong focus on skills pushes students to extend their knowledge and ability. — Texts and tasks help students explore and activate their vocabulary. — Authentic listening tasks raise awareness of features of natural conversation. — A practical approach to writing. — An active discovery approach to grammar guides students to work out patterns and rules for themselves. — Intermediate and Upper-Intermediate levels have authentic reading with supportive tasks and graded exposure to authentic listening. — Advanced level has unscripted recordings and authentic texts to challenge and stimulate the adult learner. Also has short units to avoid topic fatigue.

A topic-based, three-level course which takes a fresh look at the needs and learning styles of young teenagers. Student's Book: — eight topic-based units providing balanced coverage of all four skills — a 'Grammar Help' section, providing consolidation and support — student learning objectives and self-evaluation — a 'Communication Bank' with mixed-ability pair and groupwork tasks

A topic-based, three-level course which takes a fresh look at the needs and learning styles of young teenagers. Teacher's Book: — interleaved for ease of use — step-by-step teaching notes — detailed lesson plans — practical advice on methodology and evaluation — cultural notes and useful addresses for authentic materials — Progress Tests for each unit — a Resource File, providing a bank of photocopiable activity sheets

»Clockwise» is designed for learners who want to make effective progress in a short time. It concentrates on developing fluency, refreshing key grammar areas, and extending vocabulary. It provides material of 40-60 hours per level.

A comprehensive Business English course for learners with little or no experience of the business world. — The course assumes that students have a good basic knowledge of general English. It aims to teach students core business vocabulary, develop their professional communication skills, and introduce them to key business concepts. — It is aimed at learners with little or no experience of working in the world of business. Texts from the business world have been chosen for their interest and accessibility, and students are not asked to draw on their own work experience to complete tasks. — Each of the 15 units is topic-based. The scope of the topics is broad rather than specialized, including subjects such as company culture, the changing nature of work and the economy, international trade, marketing and advertising. — All four language skills are developed, with a focus on communicative practice. Each unit begins by introducing students to the core vocabulary relating to the theme of the unit. This is then reinforced through listening and reading texts drawn from authentic sources, information gap and discussion activities, role-plays, mini case studies and creative writing tasks. — A guided discovery approach to grammar leads students to a clearer understanding of the forms and underlying concepts of English. Each unit has a 'language study' section, linked to a more detailed Grammar guide at the back of the book. — Regular business concept boxes introduce or revise key concepts in business management, such as the terms of trade and financial indexes. Quotations from prominent business people provide the opportunity for additional discussion. — Creative writing tasks are included which follow the task types required in the BEC exam.

A fascinating insight into Australian life and culture. The book covers each state and territory of Australia. Each chapter explores topics of interest relating to Australia's past and present, including its geography, history, politics, culture, and everyday life. Colourful illustrations and photographs bring the text to life. Vocabulary and comprehension exercises help students to get the most out of their reading. Discussion points get students talking about the text and stimulate cross-cultural comparisons. Common Australian expressions are explained. Ideas are included for debates, research projects, and activities for further investigation.