Oxford University Press

Few readers today are aware of the vigorous prose experiments undertaken in the seventeenth century. This anthology presents a representative selection of that work, with examples from Aphra Benn, John Bunyan, William Congreve, Percy Herbert, and Thomas Dangerfield. Also included are Mary Wroth's feminist romance Urania and Margaret Cavendish's female utopia «The Blazing World», in print here for the first time since their original publication.

A grammar book which explains the rules, shows how the language works, and provides thorough practice.

This collection of Chinese stories begins with the great legends of how Earth and Heaven came into being, and of how the archer Yi rid the Emperor Yao of the menace of the ten suns. There are folk-tales too, about ghosts and rain-makers, poor students and magicians, and the man who was nearly made into fish paste. Throughout all these stories, the author has kept the subtle oriental flavour of the originals and brings to life all the magic and mystery of China.

In this book of tales from Africa there are stories about an evil-hearted shark, an extremely cunning hare, a very greedy spider and the strongest man in the world. There are also answers to such questions as why the crab has no head, why the sun and moon live in the sky, and why flies buzz. Drawn from all parts of Africa, these stories illustrate the fierce sense of justice inherent in African peoples, their powers of patience and endurance, and their supreme ability as story-tellers.

This lively collection comes from West Africa, a place 'where stories grow on trees'. Here are the famous tricksters: Hare, Tortoise, and the greatest of them all — Ananse, the spider. The stories are full of larger-than-life characters and situations, and include the tale of how Ananse got his thin waist, how Crocodile learnt his lesson, and how Monkey managed not to get eaten by Shark.

Contains tales from the West Indies and Guyana. The tales in this work contain various characters, including Mr Snake, Monkey, Mancrow, the bird of darkness, and Anasi, the spider and his old adversary, Tiger.

The two Essential Molecular Biology books in the Practical Approach Series are designed for the absolute beginner at gene cloning whether they be at the start of their career or an experienced researcher in another field. As with the first editions, the objective of both volumes is to combine solid practical information with sufficient background material to ensure that the novice can understand how a technique works, what it achieves, and how to make modifications to suit personal requirements. Volume 1 concentrates on the procedures for DNA and RNA manipulation: purification, electrophoresis, and the construction and cloning of recombinant molecules. It also includes a general introduction to molecular biology in the laboratory and a survey of cloning vectors for Escherichia Coli.

Covering the most commonly used vocabulary of everyday Greek life, as well as that found in general literature, this revised edition of the highly acclaimed Oxford Dictionary of Modern Greek is specially designed for tourists, travelers, students, and business people alike. This authoritative guide offers comprehensive coverage of 67,000 words and phrases, as well as some 82,000 translations, and includes many idioms and illustrative phrases in both Greek and English showing words in use. Information is given on points of style and usage, and appendices are included listing the principal parts of Greek verbs, place names, and personal names. Brought completely up-to-date with the monotonic spelling system for the Greek language, now the most widely used in Greece, this reference guide is a must for anyone Clearning or using Greek.

The traditional tale of the patron saint of England, retold by the author. The dragon lays waste to the kingdom and finally the princess herself has to be rescued by a knight, who fights and tames the dragon, passing into legend as St George.

Under the editorship of Roy Foster, a team of distinguished Irish historians has produced a challenging assessment of Ireland's history, providing a lively and accessible synthesis of Irish history from pre-Christian times to the present-day troubles. Their approach stresses the ancient, rooted nature of Irish culture, but also looks beyond received ideas of Irish history to explore the patterns of fragmentation and change which have been characteristic of Ireland's past. The long-contested question of Irish identity and its relation to language is also examined, and the book is lavishly illustrated with over 200 pictures in colour and black and white.

- Deals with a fast-changing new theory of phonology — One of the first critiques of Optimality Theory to appear — Interdisciplinary approach involving phonology, historical linguistics, and evolutionary theory This book is about how languages change. It is also a devastating critique of a widespread linguistic orthodoxy. April McMahon argues that to provide a convincing explanation of linguistic change the roles of history and contingency must be accommodated in linguistic theory. She also shows that theoretical work in related disciplines can be used to assess the value of such theories. Optimality Theory, or OT as it is usually called, dominates contemporary phonology, especially in the USA, and is becoming increasingly influential in syntax and language acquisition. Having set out its basis principles, Professor McMahon assesses their explanatory power in analysing language change and its residues in current phonological systems. Using cross-linguistic data, and drawing comparisons with other theories inside and outside linguistics, she shows that OT is incapable of accounting for language change, without the addition of rules and an appreciation of chance and historical contingency that would then undermine its theoretical underpinnings. OT relies on innateness and needs to discuss the origins of allegedly genetically-specified features. The author considers the nature and evolution of the human language capacity, and demonstrates a profound mismatch between the predictions of evolutionary biology and the claims for innateness made in OT.

- Second edition of successful textbook, revised and updated by distinguished and highly published scholar — Features broad range of examples drawn from all over the world — Ideal for non-linguistics majors — One of the most accessible texts in this field Why have 1500 separate languages developed in the Pacific region? Why do Danes understand Norwegians better than Norwegians understand Danish? Is Ebonics a language or a dialect? Linguistics tends to ignore the relationship between languages and the societies in which they are spoken, while sociology generally overlooks the role of language in the constitution of society. In this book Suzanne Romaine provides a clear, lively, and accessible introduction to the field of sociolinguistics and emphasizes the constant interaction between society and language, discussing both traditional and recent issues including: language and social class, language and gender, language and education, and pidgins and creoles. The text shows how our linguistic choices are motivated by social factors, and how certain ways of speaking come to be vested with symbolic value and includes examples drawing on studies of cultures and languages all over the world. This new edition incorporates new material on current issues in the study of gender as well as other topics such as the linguistic dimension to the ethnic conflict in the Balkans, and the controversy over Ebonics in the United States.

- The only available introduction to lexicography and the problems of dictionary making — International coverage — Accessible to general readers as well as to specialists within the field Dictionaries of the national language of a country are an essential and quite frequently controversial part of social life and learning. This is an account of how such dictionaries are made, how they are used, and the issues and problems that face their writers and editors. It is wide-ranging, scholarly, and readable. The author gives a concise history of the general-purpose dictionary, describing both the main approaches to dictionary making and the main kinds of dictionary . After comparing the different lexicographical traditions of Great Britain and the USA, and considering the roles of dictionaries in those countries, Dr Béjoint explores the linguistic problems in such matters as distinguishing meanings, writing definition, providing synonyms, etc. He ends with a discussion of current lexicographical trends.

- Contributors include the leading researchers in Optimality Theory — Applies Optimality Theory to other central aspects of language — Of great interest to linguists at graduate level and above The introduction of Optimality Theory (OT) by Prince and Smolenski in 1995 is frequently seen as the most important development in generative grammar of the 1990s. It has profoundly changed the understanding of sound systems; it has given a new impetus to the study of language acqusition; and its potential for the discovery and explanation of the universal properties of language is increasingly recognized. OT subsitutes constraints for rules in universal grammar and linguistic performance. Constraints are ranked so that a a lower-ranked constraint may be violated in order to satisfy a higher. The assumption that constraints are vioable can be considered as the formal correlate of linguistic tendencies, whereas their ranking expresses the degree to which individual languages exhibit these tendencies. OT may thus be used to describe the characteristics of any language, but it is as yet too general to provide a substantive theory of grammar. In this book a range of scholars consider the specific properties that an OT grammar should have. After an extensive introduction, the volume is divided into four parts. Parts One and Two are concerned respectively with prosodic representations and segmental phonology. Parts Three and Four then consider the application of OT to syntax and syntatic theory and to language acquistion and learnability. This wide-ranging collection of new work by leading scholars from the USA and Europe will interest linguists and postgraduate students in all the main fields of discipline. Its insights and the research it reports will also be valuable to those whose theoretical position is apparently at odds with the principles of OT.

- The only separate textbook in qualitative research methods in sociolinguistics. — Brief and accessible — Questions for discussion and further reading suggestions at end of each chapter.

- Provides comprehensive coverage of an area of increasing practical and academic importance — The first book to systematically cover both the institutions and procedures of international dispute settlement For many years it was said that the weakness of international law was the lack of a system for the enforcement of legal obligations. Commentators pointed to the paucity of cases in the International Court and the unwillingness of States to undertake binding obligations to settle their disputes. This position has now changed beyond recognition. The number of international tribunals has increased and many of them, such as ICSID and the International Court of Justice, are busier than at any time in their history. Increasingly, the classical procedures of diplomatic protection are circumvented as corporations and individuals litigate in their own right against States in international tribunals. This book surveys the range of procedures for the settlement of international disputes, whether the disputes arise between States or between States and corporations or individuals. The first part of the book examines non-judicial procedures such as negotiation, mediation, fact-finding, as well as judicial procedures. Among the tribunals covered are ICSID, the UNCC and the Iran-US Claim Tribunal, the WTO disputes panels, ad-hoc inter-State and international commercial arbitral tribunals and the International Court of Justice. In the second part of the book the emerging principles of procedural law applied in these tribunals are discussed. Here the authors go through the entire settlement process from the agreement to submit to a settlement procedure and the constitution of the tribunal, through to the determination of the law applicable to the merits and to the procedure of the tribunal, to the review, and ultimately the recognition and enforcement of tribunal awards.

- New Headway Pre-Intermediate extends and revises many of the structures covered at Elementary level. This new edition keeps to the successful framework of the original, but has been transformed by fresh material throughout, a more accessible feel, and a completely new design. — The majority of the reading and listening texts have been replaced with vibrant new material on up-to-date topics with a more global outlook than before. — There is now a higher proportion of speaking activities, maintaining the balance between communicative and more traditional approaches. — At this level, related areas of grammar are explored and then practised in discriminatory exercises. All of the main tenses are included, and their uses are compared and contrasted where appropriate. — Integrated skills work continues to be an important feature, with skills work becoming more challenging. As at Elementary level, an emphasis on thorough practice is retained, ranging from the very controlled to freer tasks. — The vocabulary syllabus continues to be developed through a variety of approaches to lexical input and integrated pronunciation work. — A new 'Starter' section at the beginning of each unit has a warm-up activity, often personalized, to lead into the topic and grammar of the unit. — A new, separate Teacher's Resource Book is available with photocopiable games and activities to supplement the main course material.

- New Headway Pre-Intermediate extends and revises many of the structures covered at Elementary level. This new edition keeps to the successful framework of the original, but has been transformed by fresh material throughout, a more accessible feel, and a completely new design. — The majority of the reading and listening texts have been replaced with vibrant new material on up-to-date topics with a more global outlook than before. — There is now a higher proportion of speaking activities, maintaining the balance between communicative and more traditional approaches. — At this level, related areas of grammar are explored and then practised in discriminatory exercises. All of the main tenses are included, and their uses are compared and contrasted where appropriate. — Integrated skills work continues to be an important feature, with skills work becoming more challenging. As at Elementary level, an emphasis on thorough practice is retained, ranging from the very controlled to freer tasks. — The vocabulary syllabus continues to be developed through a variety of approaches to lexical input and integrated pronunciation work. — A new 'Starter' section at the beginning of each unit has a warm-up activity, often personalized, to lead into the topic and grammar of the unit. — A new, separate Teacher's Resource Book is available with photocopiable games and activities to supplement the main course material.

A speaking and listening course for people who need to communicate effectively in everyday business situations. • This new edition combines the most popular features of the original course with new, updated material in every unit, a new Teacher's Guide, a new Workbook, and a re-recorded Cassette. • The emphasis throughout is on presenting English as a means of international communication. The language models provided are standard American English, although a variety of other native and non-native accents appear in the listening materials. • The material is carefully graded and gently paced to encourage fluency and give confidence to low-level learners. • Each level consists of 12 units which prepare learners for a wide range of business situations such as greeting colleagues and clients, talking on the telephone, handling meetings, and entertaining clients. • Communication skills are intensively coached through dialogue practice, pair work and information gap activities. The Chicago Contract, a new business board game, reviews the language in the Student's Book in a lively and interesting way. • A Culture File in every unit presents topics of cross-cultural interest for discussion, and provides advice on potentially problematic situations such as tipping, the right clothes to wear, and gift giving.

Designed for learners who want to make effective progress in a short time, this course concentrates on developing fluency, refreshing key grammar areas, and extending vocabulary. 40-60 hours per level. • Practical syllabus includes pronunciation and lots of oral practice, as well as memory skills and timed activities to encourage fast, relevant learning. • Introduces work on features of spoken English, conversational tactics, and high frequency idiomatic vocabulary. • Clear objectives in each lesson encourage achievement and progress. • Short lessons can be used in any order, allowing choice in topic and syllabus coverage. • All-in-one Classbook, with Practice section and writing activities. • Photocopiable Teacher's Resource Pack at each level for supplementing and adapting.

A four-part series designed to meet the needs of secondary students continuing English as well as those starting English for the first time. • Dream Team is a communicative course that teaches students how to use language in real situations, while also paying careful attention to grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. • Strong emphasis is placed on the clear and thorough presentation of grammar points, followed up by systematic practice throughout the course. • Plenty of practice is given from the start in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, training students to communicate fluently and effectively in English. • Stimulating and engaging topics, and an amusing and lively presentation story involving the activities of teenagers, appeal directly to the age group. • There is a solid built-in process of revision and consolidation, which trains students to review what they have learnt regularly and systematically, and helps them prepare for tests. • The course offers a range of flexible options to help teachers meet the needs of their particular teaching situation. These include an optional introductory section, an optional final 'Bonus unit' and optional projects and stories.

- New Headway Elementary keeps to the successful framework of the original edition, but has been transformed by fresh new material throughout, a more accessible feel, and a completely new design. — The majority of the reading and listening texts have been replaced with vibrant new material on up-to-date topics with a more global outlook than before. — There is now a higher proportion of speaking activities, maintaining the balance between communicative and more traditional approaches. — The units are shorter, simpler, and clearer for students. The activities and instructions have been adapted and trimmed, but the book retains the same emphasis on thorough practice, ranging from very controlled to freer tasks. — The vocabulary syllabus is more tightly controlled than before to make it more manageable for beginners. — A new 'Starter' section at the beginning of each unit features a warm-up activity, often personalized, to lead into the topic and grammar of the unit. — New 'Grammar Spots' provide a mixture of explanation and self-check tasks for the grammar presented in the unit. The Grammar Summaries and Language Reviews are now at the back of the Student's Book for reference. — The 'Everyday English' sections at the end of each unit continue to provide key functional, situational, and survival work, but are now even more lively and conversational. — A new, separate Teacher's Resource Book is available with photocopiable games and activities to supplement the main course material.

- New Headway Pre-Intermediate extends and revises many of the structures covered at Elementary level. This new edition keeps to the successful framework of the original, but has been transformed by fresh material throughout, a more accessible feel, and a completely new design. — The majority of the reading and listening texts have been replaced with vibrant new material on up-to-date topics with a more global outlook than before. — There is now a higher proportion of speaking activities, maintaining the balance between communicative and more traditional approaches. — At this level, related areas of grammar are explored and then practised in discriminatory exercises. All of the main tenses are included, and their uses are compared and contrasted where appropriate. — Integrated skills work continues to be an important feature, with skills work becoming more challenging. As at Elementary level, an emphasis on thorough practice is retained, ranging from the very controlled to freer tasks. — The vocabulary syllabus continues to be developed through a variety of approaches to lexical input and integrated pronunciation work. — A new 'Starter' section at the beginning of each unit has a warm-up activity, often personalized, to lead into the topic and grammar of the unit. — A new, separate Teacher's Resource Book is available with photocopiable games and activities to supplement the main course material.

Landmark builds on what learners bring to class and respects their knowledge and experience. Using real-life listening and reading, Landmark gets students thinking, noticing, and reacting. — Fresh topics get students thinking and speaking. — A strong focus on skills pushes students to extend their knowledge and ability. — Texts and tasks help students explore and activate their vocabulary. — Authentic listening tasks raise awareness of features of natural conversation. — A practical approach to writing. — An active discovery approach to grammar guides students to work out patterns and rules for themselves. — Intermediate and Upper-Intermediate levels have authentic reading with supportive tasks and graded exposure to authentic listening. — Advanced level has unscripted recordings and authentic texts to challenge and stimulate the adult learner. Also has short units to avoid topic fatigue.